THEME 05 / AI & INFORMATION

AI, digital assets & information verification

Distinguish useful output, controllable records and verified facts. Make the origins and limits of information visible before it becomes part of a human decision.

AKIO HIRAYAMA

FIELD NOTES

Circuit details and optical glass

01

Fluent explanations are not verified facts

AI output can help organise questions and prepare working text. However, natural language and citation-like references do not establish accuracy. NIST’s generative AI profile discusses confident but erroneous output, and the need to verify sources and citations included in generated material. Those are questions about evidence, not simply the quality of writing.

This theme does not assign a universal rating to AI capability. It examines what should be checked before an output is used in a decision. A similar distinction is useful for digital assets: identify what a screen or record demonstrates and what remains unestablished. The convenience of a technology and its fitness for a particular decision are separate questions.

02

Five questions before using information

  • Origin: Does the underlying source exist, and can its actual content be read?
  • Scope: Does it apply to the country, transaction and point in time being considered?
  • Support: Does the cited passage support the claim made in the output?
  • Omission: Has a summary left out uncertainty, exceptions or important conditions?
  • Use: Can the sensitivity of the input and the scope of the resulting decision be managed?

03

Connect each output to the evidence supporting it

The number of citations matters less than the connection between a specific statement and a specific source passage. Read the necessary text and its conditions rather than relying only on a title or search summary. Recording the following distinctions makes it harder for an unverified suggestion to be reused later as an established fact.

Output typeWhat to examineStatus to record
Summary of a sourceRelevant passage and scope of the originalVerified or incomplete summary
Number or calculationInput values, units and methodRecalculated or unverified
Interpretation or proposalAssumptions, alternative views and decisions neededInference or proposal
Unsupported assertionAvailability of traceable evidenceBasis not yet verified

04

Hypothetical example: a plausible contract summary

Suppose an AI summary says that an agreement “can be terminated at any time”. This is a hypothetical illustration. The original may include a notice period, charges or other conditions. The sentence should therefore not be treated as a sufficient basis for a decision. Return to the relevant provision and identify any conditions missing from the summary.

Record the provision and version checked, the corrected summary and any remaining question of interpretation. One accurate answer does not establish that the rest of the agreement, a later document or a different jurisdiction will be handled correctly. The scope of the check should remain visible alongside its result.

05

Align origin, date, scope and corroboration

When comparing information, use common headings for who issued it, when it applied, what it covered and what it was checked against. Several pages repeating the same statement may all rely on one unverified original. Repetition should not automatically be counted as independent corroboration. Trace the relationship between the sources before assigning them additional evidential weight.

  • Record the source URL, title, relevant passage and date checked.
  • Examine the sensitivity of the information entered and the conditions of the service being used.
  • Distinguish the permitted use of an output from decisions requiring further human assessment.

Four fields before using information

01

Origin

Who issued it

02

Date

When it applies

03

Scope

What it covers

04

Corroboration

What supports it

An editorial adaptation of the comparison layout for checking source material.

06

Check digital display, operation and rights separately

A displayed digital-asset balance or a successful transfer can provide evidence about a technical state. It does not necessarily explain contractual claims, the connection with an underlying asset or the responsibilities of a custodian. The UNIDROIT principles on digital assets distinguish control, proprietary rights and the legal effects of links to other assets. These principles are not a substitute for checking the applicable law and arrangement.

Avoid moving directly from an AI explanation or a technical record to a legal conclusion. Identify the open question, then return to source material, service terms and specialist review where necessary. That discipline makes it possible to use a convenient tool without giving its output a broader evidential role than the actual checks support.

07

Continue exploring

Sources and scope

  1. UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law · Checked 2026-10-16International private-law principles on digital assets. They are not automatically binding domestic law; an actual arrangement requires the relevant contract and applicable law to be checked.
  2. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile · Checked 2026-10-16A voluntary cross-sector profile for generative AI risks, including confabulation and source checking. It does not certify a product or eliminate errors.